Malaria ni indwara ishegesha umubiri iterwa na mikorobe zo mu bwoko bwa parasites zitwa plasmodium, igakwirakwizwa ku bantu no kurumwa n’umubu w’ingore w’anophele uba ufite plasmodium. Izi parasites ziragenda zigakwirakwira mu mubiri zinyuze mu mwijima, nuko zigatangira kwangiza uturemangingo dutukura tw’amaraso.
Kugeza ubu hari ubwoko 5 bw’izi parasites zitera malaria mu bantu, gusa 2 muri bwo nibwo buzahaza benshi cyane; plasmodium falciparum na plasmodium vivax.
- Plasmodium falciparum niyo igaragara cyane ku mugabane w’afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa sahara. Ndetse akaba ari nayo ihitana benshi kurusha ubundi bwoko
- Plasmodium vivax, niyo yiganje ahandi hose hanze y’afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa sahari
- Ubundi bwoko ni: Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae na Plasmodium knowlesi.
Ni iki gitera malaria?
Malaria iterwa no kurumwa n’umubu w’ingore wa anopheles, nuko ugakwirakwiza mu mubiri mikorobe za parazites za plasmodium. Umubu wa anopheles ni wo wonyine ushobora gukwirakwiza malariya.
Ukunda kuba ahantu hari ubushyuhe buringaniye, ukarumana butangiye kugoroba na nijoro. Iyi mibu itera amagi yayo mu mazi, akaba ariho akurira, akavamo imibu yindi. Imibu y’ingore niyo ishaka ibiyitunga, aribyo amaraso kugira ngo ibashe kugaburira amagi. Iyo irumye umuntu imusigamo za plasmodium, nuko ukarwara malaria.
Ahantu henshi malariya ikwirakwira cyane nyuma y’igihe cy’imvura. Ikagira abo yibasira cyane kurusha abandi, bitewe n’ubudahangarwa ufite. Yibasira cyane cyane abana n’abagore batwite.
Ibimenyetso bya malaria
Malaria ni indwara igenda izahaza umubiri gahoro gahoro, twavuga ko igabanyijemo ibice 2; iyoroheje ndetse n’iy’igikatu.
Ibimenyetso bya malariya yoroheje akenshi bitangira kugaragara nyuma y’iminsi 10 na 15, hari n’igihe biza byongera bigenda, ku buryo ushobora gukeka ko utanarwaye cg ukaba wabyitiranya n’ibicurane.
Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara cyane;
- Umuriro
- Kuribwa umutwe
- Kuruka kimwe no kuzungera bishobora kuba ku bana bato
- Kumva ufite imbeho ukaba wanatitira
- Kubira ibyuya biherekejwe no kumva unaniwe cyane
Ibi bimenyetso bishobora kuza byoroheje ukaba utabasha kumenya niba ari malaria. Gusa iyo itavuwe mbere y’amasaha 24, plasmodium falciparum ishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye mu mubiri.
Malaria y’igikatu igaragazwa no kwangirika kw’ingingo z’umubiri. Iyi malariya yo irica iyo itavuwe hakiri kare.
Ibimenyetso byayo ni;
- Umuriro no kugira imbeho
- Kuzungera cyane ku buryo ushobora no kwikubita hasi
- Kuva imyuna
- Guhumeka cyane no kubura umwuka
- Gutakaza ubwenge
- Umubiri utangira gusa umuhondo n’ibice bimwe byawo ntibibe bigikora neza.
- Kumva nta mbaraga mu mavi
Uko malaria isuzumwa
Iyo malariya isuzumwe hakiri kare bifasha mu kuyivura neza. Igihe cyose ugaragaje kimwe mu bimenyetso bya malaria, ni ngombwa kwisuzumisha hakiri kare.
Uburyo bukoreshwa ni ibizami byo kwa muganga, hafatwa amaraso nuko hagakoreshwa microscope mu gusuzuma niba nta malariya iri mu maraso cg se udukoresho tubona ibisubizo mu buryo bwihuse rapid diagnostic test (RDT).
Ibiranga n’ibimenyetso bya malariya hari igihe bitaba bimwe kuri bose, gusa umuriro wo ni rusange muri benshi.
Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane aho malaria yiganje cyane, munsi y’ubutayu bwa sahara, abaturage bamwe bishobora kugendana, parasites zitera malariya ariko batarwaye, akenshi imibir yabo iba yarashoboye gukora ubudahangarwa kuri yo.
Uko malaria ivurwa
Mu gihe malariya itavuwe neza, ishobora no kuvamo urupfu.
Imiti ikoreshwa mu kuyivura, ubu iboneka henshi, muri farumasi zose ushobora kuyibona.
Iyi miti yose ibonekamo artemisinin ivangwa n’undi muti uyifasha kuvura malariya, izwi nka; artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).
Akamaro ka artemisinin ni ukugabanya umubare wa parasites kuva ukiyifata kugeza ku minsi 3 hanyuma undi muti biba bifatanyije ugafasha mu kuzikuramo burundu.
Ukoreshwa cyane ni coartem; ikaba artemether ivanze na lumefantrine.
Nubwo muri iki gihe, hari indi miti itandukanye igenda ikorwa yifashishwa mu kuvura iyi ndwara, hari ikibazo cy’uko imwe muri iyi miti itabasha kuvura malariya neza.
Urukingo rwa malaria
Kugeza ubu hari urukingo rwa malariya ku bana bato rukiri mu igeragezwa, urukingo ruzwi nka RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) cg se Mosquirix.
Igeragezwa rikorerwa mu bihugu bimwe byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara, rugaragaza neza ko ruzafasha mu kugabanya indwara ya malariya cyane.
